And then 2016 happened

"Freedom lies in being bold"
- Robert Frost

If I were to be truthful, I've never really been jealous of much in my life. Sure, I did kind of envy my first cousins who got to go to Florida on family vacations or my friends at school who actually lived in pretty houses, unlike the holidays we never had or the crummy apartments we grew up in. I might have coveted a pair of shoes I couldn't afford and I really did experience humiliation when I showed up on my first day of high school in a second-hand uniform. 

Those feelings were part of my past life and for the most part, in my present life, I can't recall an instance when I was envious of something or someone. For the most part, I have been content. 

And then 2016 happened.

The dust didn't settle long enough this past year for us to pause and reflect on everything that was swirling around us. One day it was a lovely April morning and the next it was as though we were living and functioning in a nightmare. In the early days of the April War, there was a fleeting moment when I was convinced that every single one of us needed to get to the battlefield and form an impenetrable human chain, to stand behind our soldiers, to help them hold the fragile border, to show them that they were not alone, to save the country we had dreamed of forever...

My son, who was never the really patriotic type, or so I thought, was tumbling down his own journey of disbelief and anger. I need to go, he said one morning. My husband said to him, you've never held a gun, you don't know what war means, you will be more of a liability than help. He said if I can put one bullet in the barrel of one gun, at least I will feel like I've done something for my country. I kept wondering if I would wake up one morning to see that he had gone.

My son-in-law did go. He had a wife and two sons, one a mere two-weeks old, who along with my daughter had gone through a harrowing delivery in a hospital full of injured soldiers from the front. He left for the border with his brother and friends and I went to stay with my daughter, who had not yet recovered from the physical and psychological shock of her own experience. I couldn't think of the nation, I had to think of my family. But my family and the nation are inseparable, they are one, they depend on one another, they sustain each other.

My personal nightmare expanded and grew larger than I could manage as I kept going to work, seeing students who were going through their own crisis as their friends, brothers, fathers and boyfriends were on the frontline while trying to help my daughter and her babies get back on their feet.

So when I remember April in my head, it's gray, almost brown. There's some green specks here and there, but for the most part it's simply gray.

Our family didn't suffer loss, didn't experience the kind of bone-crushing grief that others had to endure. We moved on, while they will continue to weather a kind of pain that can take one to the precipice of madness.

The next few months we forged ahead in a dizzying fog. We functioned, we ate and slept and worked and lived but the grayness followed us wherever we went.

Early one morning in July, another national near-catastrophe began playing out and the country was shoved into yet another tumultuous period. A group of armed men, the Sasna Dzrer, had taken over a police station in Yerevan demanding the release of their leader and the resignation of the president. For two weeks the entire country was held hostage as fears of more blood being spilled hovered in our consciousness.

The contradictory emotions we were feeling began to take a toll. We couldn't agree with the tactics of the armed men, but we understood in a profound way the motivation. The day the Sasna Dzrer surrendered to security personnel and as the entire operation was being broadcast live, I wept silent tears. Not because I condoned their actions, but because I understood that the lives of those lost during those two weeks could never be brought back and the lives of the armed men and their families would forever be destroyed. And because everything that had transpired over a two-week period should have meant something to someone and the sliver of hope that something would fundamentally change was dashed.

In the end, we were all losers in this game.

When I think of July, it too is gray with specks of blue.

In the midst of this most difficult year, there were moments where I uncharacteristically envied the other members of my family still living in Canada, or my friends around the world, who no doubt have problems and struggles of their own, but were shielded by geography from the inexplicable kind of communal aching we had experienced.

But then I am reminded of flashes of beauty and grace like the birth of our second grandson and fleeting moments of happiness thanks to anniversaries, baptisms and milestone birthdays and good friends. We hosted George Clooney and the Pope and most importantly, we celebrated 25 years of independence, another milestone and hopefully a new beginning with a clearer vision of what we must do to clean up our own house. There were good days full of love and joy and those are the ones we need to hang on to.

While 2016 was an awfully difficult one, it was also an alarm, a tolling bell to remind us that we do not have the right to plunder or lay to waste our dreams and possibilities.

I hope it serves as a reminder to those in power that the words 'never again' do not only apply to a historic foe, but to the foes within us, individually and collectively.

When I think of 2017, I hope that there will be no gray. I believe in the power of the impossible and most of all in the power of love and compassion and in being bold, for it is through being bold that we can find our freedom.

May the coming year bring its blessings upon this ancient nation and its people living in a confusing and conflicted, war-ridden world. May we share the love that we all have inside of us with our fellow human beings and may we finally see the lighthouse that has always been there guiding our way.

Photo: Christmas Fairy Bench, copyright Suren Manvelyan

Empty Spaces 

Dozens of unfinished apartment buildings dot the barren landscape. It looks like a post-apocalyptic nightmare. There are no doors or windows. You can see right through the ghostly structures and the only thing to be heard is the wind whistling through the empty spaces.

The district of Sheram, on the outskirts of Gyumri seems to be frozen in time. Construction of the buildings began after the 1988 Spitak earthquake by Soviet authorities, however was halted after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The cluster of half-constructed buildings stand as a monument of an empire no longer in existence, of a plan unfinished.

Driving up to the neighborhood, the buildings appear completely void of human existence. It is only when you see a clothesline suspended on the side of a decrepit building in the distance that you realize that people actually "live" here. 

In fact, 18 families have taken up residence in two of the buildings in the district. It is unthinkable. 

As we drive up to one of the buildings, we see a woman outside in the frigid temperature filling a pail with water from a crudely-fashioned faucet near the entrance. Two little boys in tracksuits and slippers run around nearby. An elderly man on a balcony watches us intently, smoking a cigarette.

We get out of our car as two women approach us. They are Anahid Karapetyan and Armine Mkrtchyan. They want to know how we ended up in a place everyone else seems to have forgotten. We fumble around to find the words to string together to make some sense. We want to know how they ended up here. But it really doesn't matter. They are here.

And here there is no running water, no sewage system, no natural gas, and no hope. The people of Sheram live in squalor, in buildings not fit for human existence, forgotten and abandoned. The basements of the buildings are flooded with water and human sewage. The interior walls are covered in a thin coat of ice. They scavenge the fields for anything they can burn for heat including plastic bags. Anahid says the only thing they don't burn are people, anything and everything else is thrown into their wood burners. You can imagine what our homes smell and look like she tells me and adds that in the hot summer months their buildings are a "nest of cholera."

But we are used to these stories, aren't we? We've heard about the thousands of people who lived in domiks in Gyumri years after the earthquake. We've heard and read and seen poverty in the towns and villages of the country. We've seen the faces of children living in those conditions. Why should this story be any different?  It isn't. That is where the tragedy lies.

Armine's daughter Ani is 11 years old. She stands near her mother and fidgets with her jacket. Her 13-year-old sister Anna watches us quietly with a blank expression. They have no coats on, no hats, or scarves or gloves in the sub-zero temperature. Their lips are chapped and their cheeks are dry and red; they look so much older. Ani tells me she wants to be a hairdresser when she grows up; Anna is indifferent when I ask her what she wants to be. She shrugs her shoulders and says she doesn't know. I ask their mother how they get to school. Armine looks down and then off into the distance and tells me that her children don't go to school.

And that's when it happens. The moment you lose your composure and countenance. When you realize that your griping earlier in the day for not finding a decent cup of hot coffee is utterly ridiculous and stupid and privileged. "What do you mean they don't go to school?" I ask emphatically. And now it's Armine who shrugs her shoulders and explains that they have to walk all the way out to the highway, almost a kilometer away, and then take two buses to get to school. "It's not possible," she says. The two girls look at me forlornly. 

I drop the subject.

The Peaceful Transition of Power

Dear America,

For those of us on the other side of the pond, your outrage and desolation, your disbelief and bewilderment at the result of your presidential election is mystifying.

Let me explain. I'm Lebanese by birth, Canadian by nationality and Armenian by ethnicity. I grew up at the tail end of the 60s in a predominantly white neighborhood (in my school there was an Arab, a Jew and me, a dark-haired Armenian whose parents were immigrants, desperately poor and uneducated), formed a consciousness during the 70s, somehow navigated the 80s (with awful perms and inexcusable shoulder pads), saw huge ruptures in empires in the 90s and moved to a post-Soviet country in the 2000s. I've been around.

Half of your country voted for a man with no political experience, lots of money and a divisive voice he felt he had the right to throw around indiscriminately. His populist rhetoric appealed to the lowest common denominator, but it clearly resonated with millions of people. That is a reality you need to face and accept.

On the other hand, the Democratic Party threw its weight behind a candidate that represented different things to different people. Her election would have been historic because for the first time, you would have had a woman as president - one with a strong, albeit controversial, political legacy. But she also seemed to represent so much of what has worn you down - the prestige, privilege, money and influence of the 1 percent, the godforsaken Establishment that preferred to bail out overpaid entitled bank executives on Wall Street rather than address the deep national divide, the festering racism and bigotry, the lack of social protection...

I suspect you're going to say, but hang on a minute, she won the popular vote and the Electoral College is inherently flawed and that's why we find ourselves at this impasse.

Yes, she won the popular vote but she didn't win people's hearts - she just promised more of the same. The Electoral College I will admit is a mystery to me but it's what your forefathers came up with, either accept the results or begin a serious national discussion on how to fix it, improve it or completely do away with it.

What you fail to see in your current state of distress is that you live in a country that everyone wants to come to. Despite the proclamations of some that they would leave if the blonde guy got into the Oval Office, despite the fact that Canada's Immigration and Citizenship website crashed in the hours following the results and despite the fact that many, myself included, made fun of the situation (although it is clearly not funny), most of you don't realize how blessed you are. While you live in a country that has flaws and hasn't always kept its promise of the American Dream, it's where millions of immigrants have flocked to and although they struggled, they have contributed to the rich fabric of civic life.

To return to those of us on this side of the pond...we have not see one single presidential election in Armenia that didn't disintegrate into protests, clashes, riots, and tragically deaths. Every election cycle in this country and most in this region and elsewhere in the world, causes such instability and social discord that it takes us four years to overcome them until we need to brace ourselves for the next cycle. We don't have the luxury of 240 years of democracy, of strong institutions that can weather political upheavals and unanticipated election results and yet we continue to struggle.

While you protest in cities across the country, claiming that Trump is not your president, you fail to see the beauty of a system that allows the peaceful transition of power, something most of the world can only hope for and dream about. The gift of your democracy can be found in that transition.

Every nation needs time to grieve its losses, experience sorrow and fear for the future. Just ask us, we know the score and though our democracy is in its infancy and still terribly fragile, we wake up every day and press ahead. We're even used to being told how to do it. Now, it's time for you to get on with the task of rehabilitating your divided nation.

The Armenian Woman: From Progressive Emancipation to Conservatism

Many years ago, I was asked to speak by our local Armenian Relief Society (ARS) chapter on the occasion of Mother’s Day in Toronto. I was a young mother myself at the time, raising two young children, and working excruciatingly long hours. Had it not been for my mother, I’m not sure how I would have survived that period in my life. Naturally, my speech was dedicated to her and to all Armenian mothers.

I don’t remember exactly what I said that day except that I considered my mother to be the anchor of my life, the one person on the planet who loved me unconditionally and always, always had my back. I recall looking out in the audience and seeing my Mom sitting beside my daughter, her eyes full of tears ready to tumble down her cheeks, and hoping that I would be to my children what she was and continues to be for me—a source of unfaltering guidance, wisdom, and faith.

Back then terms such as women’s rights, equal access to resources, stereotyping of women, rigid gender roles, domestic violence, or discrimination were not part of my consciousness when I thought about women or mothers—Armenian or otherwise. Those were issues that, I believed, had been resolved for my generation by the women’s movement of the 60s.

As I have gotten older, my perception of the Armenian woman has changed; moving to Armenia shifted the ground beneath my feet. Today, more than ever, I am confounded by the “Armenian woman.” Who is she? What does she represent? What is her opinion? Why is she absent in leadership positions within institutional diasporic structures and in decision-making bodies in all three branches of government in the homeland? Where is her political activism? What is her role in the nation-building process?

Today, we live in an era of global mobility with a capacity to transfer knowledge, technology, experiences, and skills. The Armenian Diaspora, I would argue, is sophisticated and well organized, with a bank of highly trained professionals and experts in a variety of disciplines, and more economically powerful than Armenia itself.

Highly skilled diasporans living in foreign lands can serve as living bridges of knowledge and experience, and can help initiate a national discourse on issues affecting the nation. Effective diasporic organizations, networks, or movements can help shift the brain drain from the homeland to a brain circulation.

From alleviating to elevating

While diasporic women’s organizations came to Armenia immediately after independence and carried out projects and implemented plans, their imperative, in general, was not to elevate the role of women per say, but rather to provide services that would alleviate a woman’s burden. A noble and worthy venture indeed, but this did not serve to germinate the seeds for social mobilization that would have demanded and perhaps secured resolutions to some of the crippling problems faced by women in the homeland.

While they gave of their time and energy, they did not demand a more instrumental role in the rebuilding of institutions and the creation of networks that would have helped generate an atmosphere for constructive change. Why did they alleviate instead of elevate?

It must be noted that institutions in the homeland weren’t always welcoming. They wanted assistance from diasporic organizations with no strings attached. This attitude did not lend itself to developing cooperation and an exchange of new ideas. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Armenia was poised to ease through the transition period and move toward institutionalizing democratic values and principles in the country, taking into consideration the high rates of literacy, a well-trained work force in the technology industry, and a vibrant, well-developed diaspora.

The opposite occurred. Fire-sale privatization after independence led to huge transfers of public wealth to private hands, widening the seemingly insurmountable divide between the rich and the poor. This concentration of wealth accumulation led to the current policy of neo-liberalism where everything is up for sale to the highest bidder. Women were left out of the game, the rules of which were imposed by the ruling elite, mostly men, and their access to resources was severely restricted.

Gender equality in Armenia is not considered to be a critical issue and its Soviet legacy has served as an impediment to the advancement of women, primarily in the political sphere. During the Soviet era, gender parity was ideological and imposed. With independence, women were relegated back to their traditional, culturally defined roles, which have marginalized their involvement in all aspects of governance and conflict resolution.

While Armenian women in the diaspora were individually breaking new ground and progressing in their respective careers and disciplines, collectively they continued to remain outside of leadership positions in diasporic organizations. If we accept the premise that these women could have served as bridges of knowledge, experience, and expertise to their sisters in the homeland, then the absence of a woman’s movement on the ground in Armenia is evidence that this did not happen. The deficit of women’s presence in decision-making bodies in the diaspora is therefore reflected in the lack of any stirrings of a developing movement in the homeland.

Another factor that impeded Armenian women in the diaspora from galvanizing to secure a role in decision-making bodies for themselves was the nature and essence of the diaspora itself. Living and working in foreign lands, and being influenced by the societies in which they existed, did not lend itself to conditions upon which to build a movement that would have assured their leadership position in diasporic structures.

At first glance, one might be inclined to believe that a key factor is that diasporic women’s groups did not evolve out of social reform movements like they had at other time periods and in different countries. They evolved to support the nation, the homeland, and its people. Their purpose was not about affecting social and political change for women; it was about survival, plain and simple. It is unfair therefore to have expected diasporic women’s organizations to help mobilize a meaningful women’s movement in the homeland after independence in 1991.

However, the existence of women’s organizations like the ARS, which is celebrating its centennial this year, in and of themselves, was an expression of emancipation when they were created. After all, it took the Armenian woman, who had been and would be instrumental in the survival of the nation, out of the home and gave her a purpose outside of tending to the immediate needs of her family.

If the existence of organizations like the ARS was progressive, even revolutionary, 100 years ago, why then are women absent in leadership positions today?

Over the years, the dynamic in the diaspora shifted and became more and more insular, hence the current dominant conservative paradigm. The “hayabahbanum” (defending/preserving Armenianness) ideology placed constrictions on the Armenian woman and mother. Her predominant role was to educate her children in the Armenian language, to struggle against the forceful winds of assimilation, and ensure the perpetuity of the nation.

After all, gender equality in the diaspora was never a critical or pressing issue either. There was always an abundance of collective national tragedies that required attention from both men and women. So women went from progressive emancipation to a conservatism model that emphasized stability and continuity.

A movement needs activists who believe that devoting their time and energy will help instigate societal change. They motivate others to take action but don’t do so in a vacuum. They help their members develop skills, give them the necessary tools to carry out programs, and they have a well-defined strategy with a clear objective. How were diasporan women supposed to consolidate their energy and develop programs to realize their objectives when they were as diverse as the countries in which they lived?

With the amount of information at our disposal and with the number of professional Armenian women in the diaspora, we can be more innovative and creative in trying to find ways to share experiences and transfer the knowledge that we have to a hopefully willing population in the homeland. We cannot remain victims to our own forbearance. A well-known sociologist once wrote, “Women are not passive targets of policies or the victims of distorted development—they are shapers and makers of social change.”

As the Armenian Relief Society celebrates a century of dedication, devotion, and steadfast commitment to the nation’s needs, perhaps we should use this moment in our collective history to initiate a national discourse about a new and progressive role for Armenian women in the diaspora and in the homeland.

By consolidating our energies, developing new models for development, advocating for greater participation, and utilizing our talent, we can and must become the shapers and makers of social change.

#Armenia25

I was 25 when sweeping global changes shifted the trajectory of my life. While an empire was crumbling, an ancient nation was re-emerging to join the ranks of other nation-states. A seemingly unattainable dream for my generation of Armenians living in the Diaspora, suddenly, magically materialized and we had a choice. A choice to love it from afar and continue to immortalize it in the passed down memories of our grandparents' idyllic notion of homeland or to hurl ourselves into a vortex of the unknown.

The choice was damning. Stay put and you lose your chance to be a witness to and part of a new story. Jump and you risk erasing the familiar, the safety of what you know how to navigate.

Today, as the modern-day Republic of Armenia celebrates the 25th year of its independence, it is also the 15th year of my "tango" with the homeland. It is a story of repatriation, a search for identity and belonging, of love, passion and betrayal and yet, one of transformation and transcendence. 

I have loved this country unconditionally and it has almost always reciprocated. Yes, it has been challenging and frustrating living here, there have been moments of deep despair and disappointment, of feeling helpless against a mountain of insurmountable problems. However, after centuries of loss, of living in exile, rootless and vulnerable, we finally have a place both physical and ethereal that anchors us not only to our past but gives us the power to imagine and determine our collective destiny.

Living and working and finding a purpose on this land has been a gift, one that we cannot afford to return or exchange. This land is for the living - hողը ապրողին է...

Somewhere Over the Rainbow

Rainbow over the Vorotan Valley

We are more than a people stuck in a perpetual state of war that the world only remembers when there is an exchange of fire. We are more than a country in an ambiguous in-between place. We are more than the corruption and impunity that engulfs us and the perceived hopelessness that wears us down. We are more than a country that has misplaced its future. And we are, most certainly, more than the negative news cycle.

We are a nation that dared to dream and whose dreams did come true.

We are here at the end of the rainbow and we are waiting.

We are the men and women working, arguing, creating, failing, innovating, stumbling but picking ourselves up again and waiting. We are the newborn babies in whose eyes we can find the future. We are the tired and weary pensioners, leaning out our window sills, reminiscing of days gone by and watching the world evolve in ways we no longer understand. We are the villagers planting and harvesting the bounty of our fertile soil, the shepherds on rocky mountain tops tending to our herd. We are the soldiers guarding our fragile borders and the parents waiting for them to return home. We are the new generation, scrappy, determined, ready to change our world. We are the glorious sum of all our parts. We are the riches in the treasure chest at the other end of the rainbow.

And we are waiting.

In less than a month we will be marking the 25th anniversary of our independence. It will be the first time in centuries that we will be celebrating 25 continual years of being free and independent, of being the owners of our destiny.

Somewhere, over the rainbow, way up high
There's a land that I heard of once in a lullaby
And the dreams that you dare to dream really do come true

On September 21, the land that we heard of once in a lullaby, in the fairy-tales of our childhood, in the stories of our ancestors, nestled among majestic mountains and in whose valleys and villages real people live, we will celebrate our survival. Come, be part of history. Stand with us, rejoice, shed tears of happiness, let your hearts be filled with pride and say to the world - we are here, we are free, we are independent, and we are the owners of the lands of Armenia and Artsakh.

Together, let's ensure that our independence is no longer an unopened gift, a winning lottery ticket we didn't claim, a treasure chest we forgot to open.

On September 21, come to Armenia, stay for a few days, for a a few weeks or forever. Let this 25th year of our freedom and independence be an opportunity to reframe our nation's story and light a path to transformation.

We are waiting.

Photo credit: http://clive.semmens.org.uk/Photos/Armenia/RainbowVorotan.html

The Whiskey Robber and the Daredevils

In the 1990s in Hungary, there was a young man by the name of Attila Ambrus who came to be known as the Whiskey Robber. He came of age in a time of sweeping changes. An ethnic Hungarian born in Romania, he moved to Hungary in 1988 and committed about 29 robberies in Budapest over the course of seven years always outsmarting authorities. His first foray into the murky criminal world began with robbing a post office and later moving to banks.

Ambrus was elevated to national folk hero status in Hungary. He came to be known as the Gentlemen or Whiskey Robber because he was always polite and charming with his unsuspecting victims and would often drink a glass of whiskey ahead of one of his robberies. There was humor in his actions as he would give flowers to female tellers before robbing them and was also known to send bottles of wine to police.

In 2004, author and adjunct professor at Columbia University Julian Rubenstein wrote a book, "Ballad of the Whiskey Robber" based on Ambrus' life story. The Whiskey Robber garnered public sympathy and became a larger-than-life hero who risked everything to achieve his aims.

A New York Times articles sums it up best: "Sometimes sad, often hilarious and always absurd, Ambrus' tale microcosmically condenses the politico-historic oddities of his place and era into one entertaining and fairly tidy narrative...it is set amid the flash and contradiction of Budapest in the 1990s, when Russian mobsters and American entrepreneurs were moving in on the ruins of the state-controlled economy with equal voraciousness."

The Daredevils

For the past 12 days, Armenia has been held hostage. Despite the exceptional tension, all of us have been struggling to go on with the daily ritual of our lives. There have been moments of relative peace, mostly when we're sleeping. But even then, some or all of us wake up intermittently in the dark of night, check social media and news sites to see if anything has transpired.

When 30 armed men stormed the Armenian Police Yerevan City Patrol Regiment Building in the suburb of Erebuni on July 17, no one could have foreseen that the standoff would last 12 days (with no end in sight) and in its wake, leave a nation divided and confused.

In the process of this developing calamity, for it is as such, a police officer was killed, several others held hostage and then released, there have been periodic shootings, injuries on both sides, demonstrations, marches, wildly contradictory posturing, a polarized public, fear, detentions and arrests.

It's difficult to make sense of the unfolding events. There is a contradictory narrative developing that is both fascinating and frightening.

The armed men have called themselves the Daredevils of Sassoun after an epic Armenian poem that tells the tale of four generations of heroes who fight valiantly against despotic rulers. The symbolism isn't lost on anyone. The actions of the modern-day Daredevils can be the stuff of folk legends.

The question that has been torturing me is how can a segment (or most) of our people support the actions of these men? How can we go into the streets to demand a legitimate form of governance via an illegal and criminal action? How is it that people are holding up photos of these men and chanting "Sasna Dzrer?" How did it come to this?

Putting the symbolism aside, their operation has sparked both a wave of sympathy and outrage. There is no doubt that their actions were dangerous and obviously criminal. By resorting to the gun, they have created a precedent which will have far-reaching implications. It can set the stage for future violent initiatives and create a culture of militancy and radicalism that this fragile country cannot afford to address nor may it be able to.

It's almost impossible to predict how this standoff will end as it seems authorities in Armenia are content to let it drag on. On the flipside, if they storm the building and if one or any number of the Sasna Dzrers are killed, it might lead to their elevation in our national consciousness of the heroes of the past, who were trying to fight valiantly against despotic rulers.

The Test of Leadership

Armenia is in crisis. It has been in crisis for more than two decades. All the pillars of democracy have been compromised - from flawed elections to an absence of justice. Widespread discontent, rampant poverty, a dysfunctional economy and a broken social contract between the people and ruling authority have worn down an entire people.

I don't want to fall into the trap of condemning the actions of a group of armed men who stormed a police station in Erebuni (in the process killing a police officer and injuring three others) while trying to justify their motivation. However, it's a trap that one cannot avoid in this situation. The fact that most or all of them are Karabakh war veterans did not give them the right in "peacetime" to resort to armed resistance. 

Once again, the word "however" is pivotal here.

When you take up arms in "peacetime" on your native soil you do so only in extreme and untenable conditions. This statement begs the question - are we living in extreme and untenable conditions?

For the percentage of those who live in relative privilege and comfort in the homeland, who earn a living wage, the conditions of their lives might not justify such extreme measures. For the rest of the population, whose dignity has been hijacked and who have lost hope, such extreme measures have garnered a quotient of sympathy.

Putting aside all the probable arguments for or against the actions of the group calling themselves the Daredevils of Sassoon, we have an explosive situation on our hands. The outcome is going to be tragic. It is not far-fetched to assume that security forces will at one point storm the building to rescue the hostages and apprehend the armed men. This is not Electric Yerevan where the leadership of the country played a waiting game and their gamble paid off. This cannot go on indefinitely. Something will have to give.

What are the likely scenarios and ensuing results? 

The armed men will surrender peacefully and spend the rest (or most) of their lives in jail. For now, this scenario seems unlikely. Security forces will initiate an operation to storm the building and either all or some of the hostages will be rescued or killed. Either all or some of the armed men during that operation will be killed. If they survive, they will be tried and sentenced according to the law. So they will either die or spend the rest of their lives behind bars. I don't care which side of the debate you are on, all possible scenarios are going to be tragic.

This is a critical juncture for Armenia's leadership. It is a juncture which can test the ability and acumen of the best of leaders (of which we have none or very few). The full responsibility of this current atmosphere of injustice, impunity, political and economic monopolies, in the concentration of real power (police, military, internal forces, etc.), lies with the leadership. Therefore the onus is on them to initiate a real, genuine discourse in the country. Accounts need to be settled. 

If President Serzh Sargsyan and his ruling Republican Party want to survive (in a political sense) then they have no other choice other than to start TALKING to the people. Talking to the people does not mean indiscriminately apprehending people who want to have a real discussion about the issues that effect each and every one of us.

We need to come out from our homes, from behind our keyboards and our perceived existence of well being and begin a real dialogue. The leadership must not only allow it, they are obligated to be part of that process, otherwise conditions will escalate out of control and it is in no one's interest for that to happen.

We don't need an armed revolution, we need a revolution of mindsets and beliefs and vision. Yes, we don't have the luxury of time as migration continues unabated, but we also don't have the luxury of bloodshed on our hands, yes, our hands, for we are all in some measure responsible.

One final thought...mostly everyone has been referring to the armed men as տղաները or 'the boys.' There is a sense that these men are a part of us, of our identity and narrative. And that is why this is all the more tragic.

"You Don't Play with Blood" 

I don't know the exact number of soldiers that have been killed since the beginning of the Four Day War that began on April 2, 2016. Although even one is too many, the number of dead hovers somewhere around 100. It might not be a staggering figure in the context of much larger conflicts exploding around the world, but for us it is.

After spending a few short days in Karabakh, the overwhelming sensation I felt was the disquieting, almost mournful silence. I'm not sure how to describe it...how do you characterize silence or loss or despair?

How do you begin to console a mother who has lost her 18-year-old son? How does a father begin to grapple with the pain of having survived the first war only to lose his boy to a new one? Too many people lost sons, brothers, husbands, friends. Others held their breath as their loved ones left for the front to volunteer. Countless parents continue living with the agony of knowing that their children are serving at some of the most dangerous frontline positions along the Karabakh-Azerbaijan Line of Contact.

In the midst of this almost collective anguish, we rallied around our soldiers and army. We began fundraising campaigns, including collection of supplies ranging in everything from raincoats to cigarettes to candy. School children wrote letters of encouragement and gratitude. University students began translating official news in a multitude of languages. Fathers left for the frontlines to be with their sons...

And it became apparent that we weren't ready. We, the people, weren't ready to deal with a new war and the losses it entailed and the shortcomings of our political and military leadership were laid bare for all to see. While those in positions of power were busy amassing their personal fortunes, building extravagant homes for themselves and their families, they failed us, the people, and even more tragically, the soldiers, on every possible level - morally, politically, militarily, diplomatically.

Your luxury cars and fat bank accounts, your shopping trips to Paris, Dubai and Moscow, your expensive jewelry, your personal chapels that you have constructed on your exorbitant plots of land will not buy you a place in heaven. Quite the opposite, they will only incur the wrath of the people you proclaim to serve. Serve. That is a word you will never understand because you deem it your right to shit on everything and everyone instead of fulfilling the calling of your esteemed offices - that is to serve THE PEOPLE.

And we, the people, are perhaps just as culpable. We have granted you the levers of your absolute power. We have lived in our bubbles of perceived existence and pretended to be doing good, doing our 'thing,' but by doing so we allowed you to continue to expand your power and riches because we were getting along; our tolerance for abuse knows no limitations just as your greed and indifference knows no limitations.

The one thing, the most important thing that you forgot, however, is that "you don't play with blood" as a veteran said to me in Stepanakert. Yes, that's right. You, us, all of us have the blood of those boys on our hands. It's time for you to leave and for us, the ordinary people, to take ownership of this country. You see, when you steal from state coffers, you steal bullets that would have helped save a life. When you don't pay your taxes, you steal military equipment that would have prevented the 'adversary' from taking over strategically 'unimportant' posts. When you divert funds from state programs for personal gain, you steal a future. You are no longer capable to lead us, not that you ever were. You may steal our votes, but you can no longer steal the truth. You no longer have the moral authority.

Instead of preparing the country for peace, you kept preparing us for war. You kept the Karabakh conflict hanging over our heads; any sign of domestic turmoil against corruption or injustice that permeates every aspect of our daily lives and you pulled the Karabakh card. Remember people, you said, we have enemies at the gate, don't rock the boat. But when that war came, you were found to be sorely lacking and the boys, ah those boys, paid the price.

The real heroes of this war are not the military or political elite. The real heroes are those men and boys who valiantly kept the border from collapsing. Your charade is over gentlemen and it's time for you to leave.

Karabakh: This Ruggedly Beautiful Land

We drive along a lonely stretch of highway with undulating sea of emerald green grass on one side and mountains on the other. Wild flowers covering the plains resemble a colorful carpet. A cool wind blows across the overcast sky and you can hear the rustling of leaves and the rhythmic chirping of chickadees. Amid nature’s sounds, however, there is an eerie silence that grips your soul.

We come across two women with tired eyes sitting outside a shop in Nor Karmiravan, a small village just outside Martakert. We stop the car and ask if they have bread. The older woman says almost apologetically that the driver who usually delivers the bread has gone to take supplies to one of the military posts.

This is Karabakh.

Nor Karmiravan used to have about 150 residents. Today, only a handful remain. Following the Four Day War in the beginning of April, many of the villagers, mostly women and children have been relocated while most of the able-bodied men have gone to the posts.

The women ask if we have any news from the frontlines. We tell them that’s why we’ve come. “We haven’t slept in a month,” says one of the women shaking her head. “We only want peace.” She looks away and we feel the full weight of their situation. Since the 1994 ceasefire that brought an end to the Karabakh war, the people of this ruggedly beautiful land have had to live in a condition of no war, no peace. They yearn only for normalcy and a peaceful existence. After a few more minutes discussing the situation, we say our goodbyes and move on.

We have made arrangements with Colonel Norik Aslanyan of the artillery division of the Nagorno Karabakh Defense Army to go to one of their observation posts in Martakert. We are told to wait by the sycamore tree just outside of Nor Karmiravan that has a spring flowing from its trunk. I try to imagine a tree that has a spring…

An hour passes and the Colonel finally arrives. He was awarded the Military Cross medal for his actions during the recent war. When Colonel Aslanyan steps out of the car his presence automatically commands respect. He adamantly refuses to have his photo taken or to talk about himself. Instead he begins naming other artillerymen who played a critical role in successfully thwarting the advance of Azerbaijani forces just over a month ago in what was the worst outbreak of violence in 22 years.

A few minutes into our conversation that wasn’t going anywhere, Colonel Aslanyan makes several phone calls and shortly thereafter a number of his lieutenants arrive from different directions. Aslanyan looks at us and says, “Here they are, now you can interview them!” We spend the better part of the next hour interviewing several of them with the same result. They are very economical with their words and stories. They don’t want to talk about themselves. It becomes clear that those soldiers who exemplify bravery on the battlefield are the ones who are the humblest.

Colonel Aslanyan, satisfied with the situation, finally agrees to take us to one of their observation posts in the district of Martakert. We are instructed to drive ahead as they will be driving very fast and will catch up to us, after which point we will follow them as far as our car will take us and then we’ll have to continue the rest of the journey in their vehicle.

We drive ahead a few hundred meters and stop the car. They finally arrive but instead of moving ahead of us, they stop their car, the driver jumps out and makes his way to us. I’m beginning to feel deflated. Maybe they’ve changed their minds, maybe they won’t let us go to the post after all. I look up to see the driver reaching inside our car and my fears dissipate...he hands us two ice cream cones.

The Hand Over

We go as far as we can. The road has become dangerously unnavigable for us. We get out and sit in Colonel Aslanyan’s vehicle. We begin a steep ascent. I hang on for dear life. Along the way, we come across young soldiers manning military points. They look so young and innocent. My heart is about to explode.

We keep climbing higher and higher and then turn in a fork in the road. It has been carved out of the side of the mountain and one small miscalculation by the driver and we will be tumbling hundreds of meters down into the valley below.

Finally, we reach the summit, the car dangling precariously close to the ridge. We stop and get out of the car. Several young conscripts are sitting on the grass cleaning their weapons. We are greeted by a Lieutenant Colonel Nikolay Mkhitaryan. He smiles at us with a twinkle in his eyes and leads us to a spot a few meters away from the soldiers. There is a green tarp on the ground and bags of khorovats. He commands us to sit down and break bread with him. We politely refuse, arguing that the soldiers should eat first. He has none of it, announces that the boys have already eaten and we are to sit and join him. I hold back for a few seconds and finally give in.

Colonel Aslanyan joins us. He sits down beside me, grabs some lavash, places a large piece of khorovats in it, hands it to me and says, “Eat.” I do as I’m told. It was by far the best khorovats I’ve ever eaten or ever will.

Vantage Point

After interviewing Lt. Colonel Mkhitaryan, we are escorted inside their observatory. We walk down a narrow trench that splinters off into different directions and finally enter the main observation post. The smell of wood takes over the senses and there’s a strange silence, an unnerving calm almost. There are three narrow slits about a meter long each from which a cool breeze blows. I step up to one of those openings and look out to a wide, almost endless horizon and see Azerbaijan. It was from this vantage point that our artillerymen were able to defend certain portions of the Line of Contact from the Azerbaijani army’s offensive those fateful days in April.

Colonel Aslanyan explains several aspects of their protocol and shows us some of the latest technology that they have. Some of the lieutenant colonels we had met earlier by the sycamore tree arrive and now there’s about 15 of us in this post. They talk quietly among themselves, watch their screens, joke around, tell us stories all the while maintaining a sense of alertness that is apparent from their body language. It’s a fascinating scene yet brings the reality to war in way you’ve never experienced before.

After spending several hours in this particular post, we make the treacherous journey back down and return to Stepanakert.

Looking back at that moment on a mountain in Martakert, sitting with our soldiers, getting to know them, listening to their jokes, learning about their bravery and courage and most importantly their humility, I realize that the protectors of our land, the guarantors of our safety are not those sitting in high offices. On the contrary. It is the men on the frontlines, the ones who made the right decisions at critical moments during the war, the ones who stood fast like the mountains upon which they’ve spent the better part of their lives. They are the true guardians and protectors of this ruggedly beautiful land and its people who only want to live and breathe in peace.

Nagorno Karabakh: How the Four Day War Played Out in International Media

Map of Nagorno Karabakh Republic
(http://karabakhfacts.com/nagorno-karabakh-republic-artsakh-map/)

In the early morning hours of April 2, 2016, Azerbaijani armed forces launched simultaneous attacks along the Karabakh-Azerbaijan Line of Contact. This military offensive and unprecedented aggression by the Azerbaijani side, which was met by counter-operations by the Nagorno Karabakh Defense Army spiraled out of control, resulting in dozens of casualties and hundreds wounded on both sides, including civilians.

There was evidence of gross human rights violations (attacking and mutilating innocent civilians in their homes; signs of torture on bodies of Armenian soldiers, etc.) by Azerbaijani military that run contrary to International Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War and the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions (August 12, 1949) relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts.

This recent escalation is the worst since the 1994 Russian-brokered ceasefire that brought hostilities to a tenuous end.

What has now come to be known as the Four Day War caught the attention of the world’s leading media outlets, some of whom sent crews to the Republic of Nagorno Karabakh to report the story from the ground as it was unfolding.

The complex history and political nuances of the ethnically Armenian enclave of Nagorno Karabakh resulted in sometimes questionable journalism. It also brought to the surface the allegiances and biases of several media outlets.

Below is a tentative list of reports from a number of news organizations. This list is not exhaustive and will be continually updated. A sincere attempt was made to avoid duplication (i.e. news organizations using AP or Reuters). At the bottom of the list you can find the opinion pieces written about the issue (these are included in the full list, hence there will be duplication).

A much larger analysis is still needed to identify trends in how the conflict was reported. Missing here is Russian and Turkish media.

Mher Boghigian contributed to this post.

****

April 2, 2016

New York Times: “Fighting Between Azerbaijan and Armenia Flares Up in Nagorno-Karabakh” http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/03/world/europe/nagorno-karabakh-fighting-azerbaijan-armenia.html?_r=0

Wall Street Journal: “A Dozen Die in Armenian Separatist Fightng” http://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy-fighting-reported-in-nagorno-karabakh-1459597114

USNews: “Nagorno-Karabakh: 30 Soldiers Reported Killed” http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-04-02/armenia-heavy-fighting-in-nagorno-karabakh-helicopter-hit

BBC: “Nagorno-Karabakh ‘Under Daily Threat of War” http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35951625

France24: “Deadly Clashes Erupt in Azerbaijan’s Nagorno-Karabakh Region”

http://www.france24.com/en/20160402-deadly-clashes-azerbaijan-armenian-forces-nagorno-karabakh-region

The Guardian: “Conflict Erupts Between Azerbaijani and Armenian Forces” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/02/conflict-erupts-between-azerbaijani-and-armenian-forces

Deutsche Welle: “Fighting Erupts on Nagorno-Karabakh Front Lines”

http://www.dw.com/en/fighting-erupts-on-nagorno-karabakh-front-lines/a-19160034

Vice: “Putin Tells Armenia and Azerbaijan to Cool it After Fighting Erupts in Disputed Region”

https://news.vice.com/article/putin-russia-armenia-azerbaijan-to-cool-it-after-fighting-erupts-nagorno-karabakh

The Boston Globe: “Ethnic Tinderbox Flares in Armenian Separatist Enclave in Azerbaijan”

https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2016/04/02/ethnic-tinderbox-flares-armenian-separatist-enclave-azerbaijan/wDP1WzphvAQEUAV3rKJ4iO/story.html

April 3, 2016

BBC:”Nagorno-Karabakh Violence: Worst Clashes in Decades Kill Dozens”

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35949991

BBC: “Nagorno-Karabakh Clash: Turkey Backs Azeris ‘to the end’ Against Armenia

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35953358

Al Jazeera: “Nagorno-Karabakh: Rehearsal for an Upcoming War?

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/04/nagorno-karabakh-rehearsal-upcoming-war-160403135706467.html

Al Jazeera: “Nagorno-Karabakh: The Death of Diplomacy”

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/04/nagorno-karabakh-death-diplomacy-russia-azerbaijan-armenia-160403105406530.html

New York Times: “Azerbaijan Claims to Halt Violence in Nagorno-Karabakh, But Warns Armenia” http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/04/world/europe/azerbaijan-armenia-nagorno-karabakh-conflict.html

WashingtonTimes: “Azerbaijan, Armenia Fight Over Disputed Nagorno-Karabakh Territory:

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/apr/3/azerbaijan-armenia-fight-over-disputed-nagorno-kar/?page=all

Wall Street Journal: “U.S., Russia Call for Restraint After Outbreak of Fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh”

http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-russia-call-for-restraint-after-outbreak-of-fighting-in-nagorno-karabakh-1459685441

CNN: “Azerbaijan Claims Ceasefire in Deadly Feud; Armenia Says Violence is Still Going” http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/03/asia/azerbaijan-armenia-violence/

RFERL: “At Least 32 Killed in Heavy Fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh”

http://www.rferl.org/content/nagorno-karabakh-heavy-fighting-armenia-azerbaijan/27649973.html

The Boston Globe: “Azerbaijan Claims to Halt Fighting in Ethnic Enclave But Warns Armenia”

https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2016/04/03/azerbaijan-claims-halt-fighting-ethnic-enclave-but-warns-armenia/JnI56p0BgVysCKDz2O2s4H/story.html

April 4, 2016

Al Jazeera: “Nagorno-Karabakh Crisis Escalates Amid Threat of War”

http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/fighting-rages-nagorno-karabakh-160404131621989.html

Wall Street Journal: “Crisis Escalates in Nagorno-Karabakh”

http://www.wsj.com/articles/crisis-escalates-in-nagorno-karabakh-1459797198

Reuters: “Armenia Warns Nagorno-Karabakh Clashes Could Turn into All-out War” http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nagorno-karabakh-fighting-idUSKCN0X10LX

EuroNews: “Calls for Calm After Third Day of Fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh” http://www.euronews.com/2016/04/04/calls-for-calm-after-third-day-of-fighting-in-nagorno-karabakh/

The Guardian: “Azerbaijan and Armenia Clashes Continue for Third Day” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/04/azerbaijan-and-armenia-clashes-continue-for-third-day

France24: “Azerbaijan Says Three Killed in Fresh Nagorno-Karabakh Clashes” http://www.france24.com/en/20160404-azerbaijan-armenia-three-killed-nagorno-karabakh-clashes

Deutsche Welle: “New Clashes Erupt Between Armenia, Azerbaijan Over Nagorno-Karabakh”

http://www.dw.com/en/new-clashes-erupt-between-armenia-azerbaijan-over-nagorno-karabakh/a-19163777

Eurasianet: “Can Karabakh Pull Back from the Brink?”

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78096,

Eurasianet: “De Waal: Kremlin ‘Not Primary Actor’ Behind Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict”

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78101

The Boston Globe: "Heavy fighting reported between Azerbaijan troops and Armenian separatists:

https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2016/04/04/heavy-fighting-reported-between-azerbaijan-troops-and-armenian-separatists/VhupjVFzu53fukD3Vl5yNN/story.html

The Chicago Tribune: "Armenia Warns of 'Full-scale War' if Karabakh Clashes Worsen"

http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-blm-armenia-06353b9a-fa80-11e5-813a-90ab563f0dde-20160404-story.html

April 5, 2016

Al Jazeera: “Armenia and Azerbaijan Call Nagorno Karabakh Ceasefire”

http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/crunch-talks-vienna-nagorny-karabakh-fighting-160405081141941.html

The Guardian: “Nagorno-Karabakh: Azeri-Armenian Ceasefire Agreed in Disputed Region”

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/05/nagorno-karabakh-azeri-armenian-ceasefire-agreed

Euronews: “Nagorno-Karabakh: Halt in Hostilities Announced”

http://www.euronews.com/2016/04/05/nagorno-karabakh-defence-ministry-announces-a-ceasefire-in-the-region/

Wall Street Journal: “Fighting Dies Down Between Azerbaijan and Armenian Rebels”

http://www.wsj.com/articles/azerbaijan-armenia-cease-fire-over-nagorno-karabakh-1459861704

Washington Post: “The Crisis Over Nagorno-Karabakh, Explained”

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/05/how-the-crisis-over-nagorno-karabakh-could-get-worse-fast/

BBC: "Nagorno-Karabakh: Azeri-Armenian ceasefire agreed"

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35964213

Reuters: "Turkey stands by Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Davutoglu"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nagorno-karabakh-turkey-idUSKCN0X20UZ

Deutsche Welle: "Flare-up of Nagorno Karabakh conflict"

http://www.dw.com/en/flare-up-of-nagorno-karabakh-conflict/av-19164033

Eurasianet: "Azerbaijan, Armenian-Backed Separatists Agree Karabakh Ceasefire"

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78121

France 24: “Azerbaijan agrees truce with authorities in Nagorno-Karabakh”

http://www.france24.com/en/20160405-minsk-group-austria-meeting-end-fighting-nagorno-karabakh

RFERL: "Azerbaijan, Armenian Forces Announce Karabakh Cease-fire"

http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan-armenia-nagorno-karabakh-fighting-continues/27655354. RFERL: "'Open Secret': Experts Cast Doubt on Yerevan's Claims Over Nagorno-Karabakh" html,http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia-nagorno-karabakh-army-synergy/27656532.html Vice: "A Ceasefire Has been Declared in Nagorno-Karabakh"

https://news.vice.com/article/ethnic-armenians-declare-a-ceasefire-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakhThe Boston Globe: “Tensions Run High Between Azerbaijan, Armenia Despite Truce” https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2016/04/05/tensions-run-high-between-azerbaijan-armenia-despite-truce/JfSUgpvgQRnyQURTMN31fJ/story.html

April 6, 2016

Al Jazeera: "Nagorno-Karabakh is not a localised conflist"

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/04/nagorno-karabakh-localised-conflict-armenia-azerbaijan-160406081258222.html

BBC: “Nagorno-Karabakh Profile”
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18270325

Reuters: "Nagorno-Karabakh truce holds, but residents fear renewed violence"

http://www.reuters.com/article/uk-nagorno-karabakh-ceasfire-idUSKCN0X30DV

Eurasianet: "Fighting Over Nagorno Karabakh Takes to Cyber Space"

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78146

Washington Post: “Here are the 5 things you need to know about Nagorno-Karabakh”

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/04/06/will-war-erupt-in-nagorny-karabakh-here-are-the-5-things-you-need-to-know/?postshare=2811460917004389&tid=ss_fb-bottom

Haaertz: “Israeli-made Suicide Drone Used in Nagorno Karabakh” http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.713120

The Chicago Tribune: “Oil Riches Help Azerbaijan Outgun Armenia in Military Spending”
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-blm-caucasus-oil-3fbfbada-fc00-11e5-813a-90ab563f0dde-20160406-story.html

The Chicago Tribune: “Frozen Post-Soviet Conflicts Don’t Always Stay that Way”
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-blm-post-soviet-comment-2ca9f24c-fbf3-11e5-813a-90ab563f0dde-20160406-story.html

The Chicago Tribune: “Azerbaijan Ambassador Blasts Kim Kardashian”
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-caucasus-kardashian-c31b0a8c-fc15-11e5-886f-a037dba38301-20160406-story.html

April 7, 2016

The Guardian: “Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict: patriotism prevails on both sides”

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/07/azerbaijan-armenia-nagorno-karabakh-patriotism-prevails-on-both-sides

NewYork Times: “Solve the Nagorno Karabakh Conflict Before it Explodes” http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/08/opinion/solve-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-before-it-explodes.html?_r=0

Al Jazeera: “Azerbaijan Says Nagorno Karabakh Ceasefire Broken” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/04/azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-ceasefire-broken-160407061305659.html

USNews: “Russia and Iran Join Talks Over Nagorno Karabakh Conflict” http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-04-07/russia-iran-join-talks-over-nagorno-karabakh-conflict

Eurasianet: "Turkey-Russia Antagonism Playing Out in Karabakh"

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78206

Al-Monitor: "Will Iran and Russia join forces on Azerbaijani-Armenian conflict?"

http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/iran-azerbaijan-armenia-nagorno-karabach-mediator.html#

Wall Street Journal: “Germany Steps Up Effort to Resolve Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh” http://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-steps-up-effort-to-resolve-conflict-in-nagorno-karabakh-1460046892

Euronews: “Russia Leads Diplomatic Efforts in Brokering Agreement Over Nagorno Karabakh Conflict”

http://www.euronews.com/tag/nagorno-karabakh/

Deutsche Welle: “Russia mediates as Azerbaijan and Armenia Accuse Each Other of Ceasefire Violations”

http://www.dw.com/en/russia-mediates-as-azerbaijan-and-armenia-accuse-each-other-of-ceasefire-violations/a-19172536

RFERL: “Azerbaijan Accuses Nagorno Karabakh Separatists of Violating Ceasefire”

http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan-armenia-karabakh-cease-fire-violation-nakhchivan/27659695.html

The Jerusalem Post: “Azerbaijan Under Siege: A Friend of Israel in Need of Our Support”

http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Azerbaijan-under-siege-A-friend-of-Israel-in-need-of-our-support-450494

The Boston Globe: “Nagorno Karabakh Truce in Trouble as Russia, Iran Join Talks”
https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2016/04/07/nagorno-karabakh-truce-trouble-russia-iran-join-talks/59LBjGT9nn29SOWIrAhXEP/story.html

April 8, 2016

The Guardian: “Rights and Wrongs in Nagorno Karabakh”

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/08/rights-and-wrongs-in-nagorno-karabakh

Reuters: "Nagorno-Karabakh combatants strike deal to safely recover their dead"

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nagorno-karabakh-idUSKCN0X512E

USNews: “Skirmishes Continue In Nagorno Karabakh Despite Ceasefire” http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-04-08/skirmishes-continue-in-nagorno-karabakh-despite-cease-fire

Eurasianet: “Nagorno Karabakh: Trying to Separate Fact from Fiction” http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78216
The Chicago Tribune: “Russia Pushes for Karabakh Talks as Fragile Ceasefire Holds”
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-blm-caucasus-5b37d6a4-fdad-11e5-813a-90ab563f0dde-20160408-story.html

April 9, 2016

Economist: “A Frozen Conflict Explodes”

http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21696563-after-facing-decades-armenia-and-azerbaijan-start-shooting-frozen-conflict-explodes

Reuters: “Russia Says Won’t Halt Arms Race to Arch Foes Armenia and Azerbaijan”

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nagorno-karabakh-russia-arms-idUSKCN0X60DS

Foreign Policy News: “Nagorno Karabagh, Part of Azerbaijan”

http://foreignpolicynews.org/2016/04/09/nagorno-karabakh-part-azerbaijan/

Independant:”Echoes of Stalinism Abound in the Very Modern Azerbaijan Armenia Conflict”

http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/echoes-of-stalinism-abound-in-the-very-modern-azerbaijan-armenia-conflict-a6976421.html

Newsweek Europe: “What’s Behind the Biggest Flair Up in 20 Years in Karabakh?”

http://europe.newsweek.com/whats-behind-biggest-flare-20-years-karabakh-445155?rm=eu

April 10, 2016

Haaertz: “Armenia Protests Azerbaijan’s Use of Israeli-Made Suicide Drone”

http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.713614

April 11, 2016

Haaertz: “Israel Intends to Send More Drones to Azerbaijan in Coming Days, Meretz Chairwoman Claims”

http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.713935

April 14, 2016

Reuters: "Azerbaijan says one soldier killed in fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh"

http://news.trust.org/item/20160414114646-vk170/?source=reTheWire

April 15, 2016

The Economist: “The Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh”

http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2016/04/economist-explains-9

Voice of America: "Erdogan Steps Up Support of Azerbaijan in Karabakh Dispute"

http://www.voanews.com/content/erdogan-steps-up-support-of-azerbaijan-in-karabakh-dispute/3287573.html

Global Research: "Military Escalation in Nagorno-Karabakh on Russia's Doorstep"

http://www.globalresearch.ca/military-escalation-in-nagorno-karabakh-on-russias-doorstep/5520331

Reuters: "Nagorno-Karabakh Says One of its Soldiers Killed by Azeri Gunfire"

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nagorno-karabakh-idUSKCN0XC0RN

Al-Monitor: “Why Isreal is Staying Silent on Azerbaijan-Armenia Conflict “ http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/israel-keeps-silent-ally-azerbaijan-conflict-armenia.html#

The Knicks Nation: “President Aliyev: 400 houses in Azerbaijani Karabakh destroyed by Armenia”

http://theknicksnation.com/world/president-aliyev-400-houses-in-azerbaijani-karabakh-destroyed-by-armenia/307873

Info Europa: "Nagorno-Karabakh: ICRC Facilitates Retrieval and Transfer of Those Killed in Action"

http://info-europa.com/uncategorized/nagorno-karabakh-icrc-facilitates-retrieval-and-transfer-of-those-killed-in-action/11211

World Policy Blog: “Diplomacy with Dictators”

http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2016/04/15/diplomacy-dictators

April 16, 2016

Arab News:“Resolving Karabakh Problem”

http://www.arabnews.com/columns/news/911051

The Daily Star: “Two Armenian Soldiers Killed in Karabakh” http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/2-armenian-soldiers-killed-karabakh-1209475

Eurasia Review: “Setting Nagorno Karabakh and Reviewing the Peripheral Talking Points” http://www.eurasiareview.com/16042016-settling-nagorno-karabakh-and-reviewing-the-peripheral-talking-points-analysis/

Info Europa: “Responsobility for Unsafe Consequences Lies with Azerbaijan: Armenian MFA” http://info-europa.com/sports/responsibility-for-unsafe-consequences-lies-with-azerbaijan-armenian-mfa/12141

The Jerusalem Post: “Isreal and Azerbaijan--The Odd Couple”

http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/INTELLIGENCE-The-odd-couple-451276

April 17, 2016

Stratfor: “A Game Much Larger Than Nagorno Karabakh”

https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/game-much-larger-nagorno-karabakh

Korea Times: “Embassy Line”

http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/04/176_202781.html

April 18, 2016

Eurasianet: “Nagorno-Karabakh--Who Won the Media War?”

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78346

Mintpress News: “Isreal’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict” https://www.mintpressnews.com/israels-role-nagorno-karabakh-conflict/215684/

Sputnik News:  “Intensive Phase of Talks on Karabakh Conflict May Start in Coming Days”

http://sputniknews.com/politics/20160418/1038179137/karabakh-conflict-talks.html

RFE/RL: "Nagorno-Karabakh Says Fighter Killed by Azerbaijani Fire"

http://www.rferl.org/content/nagorno-karabakh-armenia-backed-separatist-killed/27676525.html

The Indian Panorama: “Nagorno Karabakh Combatants Strike Deal to Safely Recover”

- “Ceasefire Largely Holding Around Nagorno Karabakh”

- “Skirmishes Continue in Nagorno-Karabakh Despite Ceasefire”

- “Nagorno Karabakh Truce in Trouble as Russia and Iran Join Talks” http://nriworld.net/2016/04/nagorno-karabakh-combatants-strike-deal-to-safely-recover/

http://nriworld.net/2016/04/cease-fire-largely-holding-around-nagorno-karabakh/

http://nriworld.net/2016/04/skirmishes-continue-in-nagorno-karabakh-despite-cease-fire/

http://nriworld.net/2016/04/nagorno-karabakh-truce-in-trouble-as-russia-iran-join-talks/

The Knicks Nation: “Russian Federation pushes for Karabakh talks as fragile cease-fire holds”

http://theknicksnation.com/world/russian-federation-pushes-for-karabakh-talks-as-fragile-cease-fire-holds/309856

The Jewish Journal: “Violence Against Azerbaijan: The Deep Implications For Our Community” http://www.jewishjournal.com/opinion/article/violence_against_azerbaijan_the_deep_implications_for_our_community

Shanghai Daily: "Azerbaijan denies reports of wounding two Armenian soldiers"

http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.aspx?id=327078

April 19, 2016

New York Times: "Amid Ethnic Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, an Oasis Thrives"

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/world/europe/amid-ethnic-conflicts-war-zone-a-livable-oasis-flourishes.html?smid=tw-share

VICE: "In Photos: The Disputed Lands of Nagorno-Karabakh"

https://news.vice.com/article/in-photos-the-disputed-lands-of-nagorno-karabakh?utm_source=vicenewsfb
Los Angeles Times: “Here’s Why a ‘Frozen’ Conflict Between Armenia and Azerbaijan has gotten hot”
http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-nagorno-karabakh-20160419-story.html

The Nation: "Why do Neo-cold Warriors Want Another Proxy Fight with Russia?"
http://www.thenation.com/article/why-do-neo-cold-warriors-want-another-proxy-fight-with-russia/

Opinion Pieces

April 3, 2016

Al Jazeera: “Nagorno-Karabakh: Rehearsal for an Upcoming War?

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/04/nagorno-karabakh-rehearsal-upcoming-war-160403135706467.html

Al Jazeera: “Nagorno-Karabakh: The Death of Diplomacy”

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/04/nagorno-karabakh-death-diplomacy-russia-azerbaijan-armenia-160403105406530.html

April 4, 2016

Eurasianet: “Can Karabakh Pull Back from the Brink?”

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78096,

April 5, 2016

Washington Post: “The Crisis Over Nagorno-Karabakh, Explained”

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/05/how-the-crisis-over-nagorno-karabakh-could-get-worse-fast/

April 6, 2016

Al Jazeera: "Nagorno-Karabakh is not a localised conflict"

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/04/nagorno-karabakh-localised-conflict-armenia-azerbaijan-160406081258222.html

Reuters: “Nagorno-Karabakh truce holds, but residents fear renewed violence”

http://www.reuters.com/article/uk-nagorno-karabakh-ceasfire-idUSKCN0X30DV

Washington Post: “Here are the 5 things you need to know about Nagorno-Karabakh”

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/04/06/will-war-erupt-in-nagorny-karabakh-here-are-the-5-things-you-need-to-know/?postshare=2811460917004389&tid=ss_fb-bottom

April 7, 2016

The Guardian: “Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict: patriotism prevails on both sides”

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/07/azerbaijan-armenia-nagorno-karabakh-patriotism-prevails-on-both-sides

NewYork Times: “Solve the Nagorno Karabakh Conflict Before it Explodes” http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/08/opinion/solve-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-before-it-explodes.html?_r=0
Eurasianet: “Turkey-Russia Antagonism Playing Out in Karabakh”

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78206

Al-Monitor: “Will Iran and Russia join forces on Azerbaijani-Armenian conflict?” http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/iran-azerbaijan-armenia-nagorno-karabach-mediator.html#
The Jerusalem Post: “Azerbaijan Under Siege: A Friend of Israel in Need of Our Support”

http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Azerbaijan-under-siege-A-friend-of-Israel-in-need-of-our-support-450494

April 8, 2016

The Guardian: “Rights and Wrongs in Nagorno Karabakh”

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/08/rights-and-wrongs-in-nagorno-karabakh

April 9, 2016

Economist: “A Frozen Conflict Explodes”

http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21696563-after-facing-decades-armenia-and-azerbaijan-start-shooting-frozen-conflict-explodes

Foreign Policy News: “Nagorno Karabagh, Part of Azerbaijan”

http://foreignpolicynews.org/2016/04/09/nagorno-karabakh-part-azerbaijan/

Independant:”Echoes of Stalinism Abound in the Very Modern Azerbaijan Armenia Conflict”

http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/echoes-of-stalinism-abound-in-the-very-modern-azerbaijan-armenia-conflict-a6976421.html

Newsweek Europe: “What’s Behind the Biggest Flair Up in 20 Years in Karabakh?”

http://europe.newsweek.com/whats-behind-biggest-flare-20-years-karabakh-445155?rm=eu

April 15, 2016

The Economist: “The Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh”

http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2016/04/economist-explains-9

Al-Monitor: “Why Isreal is Staying Silent on Azerbaijan-Armenia Conflict “ http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/israel-keeps-silent-ally-azerbaijan-conflict-armenia.html#
World Policy Blog: “Diplomacy with Dictators”

http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2016/04/15/diplomacy-dictators

April 16, 2016

Arab News: “Resolving Karabakh Problem”

http://www.arabnews.com/columns/news/911051

Eurasia Review: “Setting Nagorno Karabakh and Reviewing the Peripheral Talking Points” http://www.eurasiareview.com/16042016-settling-nagorno-karabakh-and-reviewing-the-peripheral-talking-points-analysis/
The Jerusalem Post: "Israel and Azerbaijan -- The Odd Couple"

http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/INTELLIGENCE-The-odd-couple-451276

April 17, 2016

Stratfor: “A Game Much Larger Than Nagorno Karabakh”

https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/game-much-larger-nagorno-karabakh

April 18, 2016

Eurasianet: “Nagorno-Karabakh--Who Won the Media War?”

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78346

Mintpress News: “Isreal’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict” https://www.mintpressnews.com/israels-role-nagorno-karabakh-conflict/215684/

The Jewish Journal: “Violence Against Azerbaijan: The Deep Implications For Our Community” http://www.jewishjournal.com/opinion/article/violence_against_azerbaijan_the_deep_implications_for_our_community

April 19, 2016

New York Times: "Amid Ethnic Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, an Oasis Thrives"

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/world/europe/amid-ethnic-conflicts-war-zone-a-livable-oasis-flourishes.html?smid=tw-share